Volume 17, Issue 6

Infrared thermal imaging of the skin has been used for several decades to monitor the temperature distribution of human skin. Abnormalities such as malignancies, inflammation, and infection cause localized increases in temperature which show as hot spots or as asymmetrical patterns in an infrared thermogram. Even though it is nonspecific, infrared thermology is a powerful detector of problems that affect a patient's physiology. While the use of infrared imaging is increasing in many industrial and security applications, it has declined in medicine probably because of the continued reliance on first generation cameras. The transfer of military technology for medical use has prompted this reappraisal of infrared thermology in medicine. Digital infrared cameras have much improved spatial and thermal resolutions, and libraries of image processing routines are available to analyze images captured both statically and dynamically. If thermographs are captured under controlled conditions, they may be interpreted readily to diagnose certain conditions and to monitor the reaction of a patient's physiology to thermal and other stresses. Some of the major areas where infrared thermography is being used successfully are neurology, vascular disorders, rheumatic diseases, tissue viability, oncology (especially breast cancer), dermatological disorders, neonatal, ophthalmology, and surgery.

红外热成像已被用于监测人体皮肤温度分布数十年。恶性肿瘤、炎症和感染等异常情况会导致局部温度升高，在红外热像图中表现为热点或不对称模式。尽管非特异性，红外热学是检测影响患者生理问题的强大工具。虽然红外成像在许多工业和安全应用中的使用正在增加，但在医学中却有所下降，这可能是因为持续依赖第一代相机。军事技术向医疗用途的转移促使了这次对医学红外热学的重新评估。数字红外相机的空间和热分辨率大大提高，并且有图像处理程序库可用于分析静态和动态捕获的图像。如果在受控条件下拍摄热像图，可以很容易地解释它们以诊断某些疾病，并监测患者对外界冷热等刺激的生理反应。红外热成像成功应用的一些主要领域是神经病学、血管疾病、风湿病、组织活力、肿瘤学（尤其是乳腺癌）、皮肤病、新生儿、眼科和外科手术。

In this work, the authors have developed a computer-aided diagnosis system, based on a two-level artificial neural network (ANN) architecture. This was trained, tested, and evaluated specifically on the problem of detecting lung cancer nodules found on digitized chest radiographs. The first ANN performs the detection of suspicious regions in a low-resolution image. The input to the second ANN are ...

在这项工作中，作者开发了一种基于两级人工神经网络架构的计算机辅助诊断系统。该系统针对数字化胸片上的肺癌结节检测问题进行了训练、测试和评估。第一级人工神经网络在低分辨率图像中检测可疑区域。第二级人工神经网络的输入是...

This paper reports a novel method for fully automated segmentation that is based on description of shape and its variation using point distribution models (PDM's). An improvement of the active shape procedure introduced by Cootes and Taylor (1997) to find new examples of previously learned shapes using PDM's is presented. The new method for segmentation and interpretation of deep neuroanatomic str...

本文报告了一种基于点分布模型（PDM）的形状及其变异描述的全自动分割新方法。提出了对Cootes和Taylor（1997）引入的主动形状过程的改进，以使用PDM发现先前学习形状的新实例。介绍了用于深部神经解剖结构分割和解释的新方法...

Iterative maximum likelihood (ML) transmission computed tomography algorithms have distinct advantages over Fourier-based reconstruction, but unfortunately require increased computation time. The convex algorithm is a relatively fast iterative ML algorithm but it is nevertheless too slow for many applications. Therefore, an acceleration of this algorithm by using ordered subsets of projections is ...

迭代最大似然（ML）透射计算机断层扫描算法相比基于傅里叶的重建具有明显优势，但不幸的是需要增加计算时间。凸算法是一种相对快速的迭代ML算法，但对于许多应用而言仍然太慢。因此，通过使用投影的有序子集来加速该算法...

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging permits direct visualization of vascular pathology. It has been used to evaluate lumen and plaque in coronary arteries and its clinical significance for guidance of coronary interventions is increasingly recognized. Conventional manual evaluation is tedious and time consuming. This paper describes a highly automated approach to segmentation of coronary wall ...

血管内超声（IVUS）成像可直接观察血管病理。它已用于评估冠状动脉管腔和斑块，其在指导冠状动脉介入治疗中的临床意义日益得到认可。传统的手动评估繁琐且耗时。本文描述了一种高度自动化的冠状动脉壁分割方法。

This paper presents a quantitative comparison of three types of information available for 52 patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy: subjective classification of the ultrasound images obtained during scanning before operation, first- and second-order statistical features extracted from regions of the plaque in still ultrasound images from three orthogonal scan planes and finally a histologi...

本文对52名计划进行颈动脉内膜切除术患者的三种可用信息进行了定量比较：术前扫描过程中获得的超声图像的主观分类、从三个正交扫描平面的静止超声图像中的斑块区域提取的一阶和二阶统计特征，最后是组织学检查。

Functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI's) provide high-resolution datasets which allow researchers to obtain accurate delineation and sensitive detection of activation areas involved in cognitive processes. To preserve the resolution of this noninvasive technique, refined methods are required in the analysis of the data. In this paper, the authors first discuss the widely used methods based on...

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）提供高分辨率数据集，使研究人员能够获得认知过程中激活区域的准确描绘和敏感检测。为了保持这种无创技术的分辨率，在数据分析中需要精细的方法。本文首先讨论了基于...的广泛使用的方法。

By exploiting the correlation of ultrasound speckle patterns that result from scattering by underlying tissue elements, two-dimensional tissue motion theoretically can be recovered by tracking the apparent movement of the associated speckle patterns. Speckle tracking, however, is an ill-posed inverse problem because of temporal decorrelation of the speckle patterns and the inherent low signal-to-n...

通过利用由底层组织元素散射产生的超声斑点模式的相关性，理论上可以通过跟踪相关斑点模式的表观运动来恢复二维组织运动。然而，由于斑点模式的时间去相关性和固有的低信噪比，斑点跟踪是一个不适定的逆问题。

Ovarian ultrasound is an effective tool in infertility treatment. Repeated measurements of the size and shape of follicles over several days are the primary means of evaluation by physicians. Currently, follicle wall segmentation is achieved by manual tracing which is time consuming and susceptible to inter-operator variation. An automated method for follicle wall segmentation is reported that use...

卵巢超声是不孕症治疗中的有效工具。数天内重复测量卵泡的大小和形状是医生评估的主要手段。目前，卵泡壁分割通过手动勾画完成，这耗时且易受操作者间差异影响。本文报告了一种自动化的卵泡壁分割方法，该方法使用...

This paper describes automatic procedures for extracting sulcal and gyral patterns from magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human brain. Specifically, the authors present three algorithms for the extraction of gyri, sulci, and sulcal fundi. These algorithms yield highly condensed line representations which can be used to describe the individual properties of the neocortical surface. The algorith...

本文描述了从人脑磁共振（MR）图像中自动提取脑沟和脑回模式的方法。具体而言，作者提出了三种算法，用于提取脑回、脑沟和脑沟底。这些算法产生高度浓缩的线条表示，可用于描述新皮层表面的个体属性。

The authors assembled a compact detector module comprised of an array of small, individual crystals of lutetium oxyorthosilicate:Ce (LSO) coupled directly to a miniature, metal-can, position-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT). The authors exposed this module to sources of 511-keV annihilation radiation and beams of 30- and 140-keV photons and measured spatial linearity; spatial variations in m...

作者组装了一个紧凑型探测器模块，该模块由一个小型独立晶体阵列（掺铈的硅酸钇镥，LSO）直接耦合到一个微型金属壳位置敏感光电倍增管（PSPMT）组成。他们将此模块暴露于511 keV湮灭辐射源以及30和140 keV光子束中，测量了空间线性；空间变化...

Clinically, skin color, temperature, and capillary perfusion are used to assess tissue viability following microvascular tissue transfer. However, clinical signs that arise as a consequence of poor perfusion become evident only after several hours of compromised perfusion. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of optical/infrared multispectral imaging in the prognosis of tissue viabilit...

临床上，皮肤颜色、温度和毛细血管灌注用于评估微血管组织转移后的组织活力。然而，由于灌注不良而产生的临床征象只有在灌注受损数小时后才变得明显。本研究展示了光学/红外多光谱成像在组织活力预后中的潜在有用性。

A new approach is proposed for registering a set of histological coronal two-dimensional images of a rat brain sectional material with coronal sections of a three-dimensional brain atlas, an intrinsic step and a significant challenge to current efforts in brain mapping and multimodal fusion of experimental data. The alignment problem is based on matching external contours of the brain sections, an...

提出了一种新方法，用于将一组大鼠大脑冠状组织学二维切片图像与三维脑图谱的冠状切片进行配准，这是当前脑图谱绘制和多模式实验数据融合工作中的关键一步和重大挑战。配准问题基于匹配脑切片的外部轮廓，

This paper aims to define and describe features of the motion of coronary arteries in two and three dimensions, presented as geometrical parameters that identify motion patterns. The main left coronary artery centerlines, obtained from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) image sequences, are first reconstructed. Thereafter, global and local motion features are evaluated along the sequence. The g...

本文旨在定义和描述冠状动脉在二维和三维空间中的运动特征，以几何参数的形式呈现，用于识别运动模式。首先从数字减影血管造影（DSA）图像序列中重建左冠状动脉主干中心线。随后，沿序列评估全局和局部运动特征。该...

The quantitative measurement of areas on the cervix is of interest to researchers studying the natural history of human papilloma viral lesions. Measurement of areas from images obtained through a colposcope are, however, inherently in error due to the image being a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional object. The ability to correct for these errors through use of digital imaging colp...

宫颈区域的定量测量对于研究人乳头瘤病毒病变自然史的研究人员来说具有重要意义。然而，通过阴道镜获取的图像测量面积存在固有误差，因为图像是三维物体的二维投影。通过使用数字成像阴道镜来校正这些误差的能力...

Computerized detection schemes have the potential of increasing diagnostic accuracy in medical imaging by alerting radiologists to lesions that they initially overlooked. These schemes typically employ multiple parameters such as threshold values or filter weights to arrive at a detection decision. In order for the system to have high performance, the values of these parameters need to be set opti...

计算机化检测方案通过提醒放射科医生其最初忽略的病变，有可能提高医学影像诊断的准确性。这些方案通常使用多个参数，如阈值或滤波器权重，来做出检测决策。为了使系统具有高性能，这些参数的值需要设置最优...

The authors have recently presented a new algorithm for high-speed parallel processing of ultrasound pulse-echo data for real-time three-dimensional (3-D) imaging. The approach utilizes a discretized linear model of the echo data received from the region of interest (ROI) using a conventional beam former. The transmitter array elements are fed with binary codes designed to produce distinct impulse...

作者最近提出了一种新算法，用于实时三维（3-D）成像中超声脉冲回波数据的高速并行处理。该方法利用传统波束形成器从感兴趣区域（ROI）接收的回波数据的离散线性模型。发射阵列元件被馈以旨在产生不同脉冲的二进制编码...

MicroPET is a low-cost, high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) scanner designed for imaging small animals. MicroPET operates exclusively without septa, acquiring fully three-dimensional (3-D) data sets. The performance of the projection-reprojection (3DRP), variable axial rebinning (VARB), single slice rebinning (SSRB), and Fourier rebinning (FORE) methods for reconstruction of microPE...

MicroPET是一款低成本、高分辨率的正电子发射断层扫描（PET）扫描仪，专为小动物成像设计。MicroPET完全在无隔板的情况下运行，获取全三维（3-D）数据集。投影-重投影（3DRP）、变轴重排（VARB）、单层重排（SSRB）和傅里叶重排（FORE）方法在重建microPET数据方面的性能...

The scatter and veiling glare distribution in images acquired with a digital subtraction angiography imaging system was estimated using a digital filtration and a beam-stop technique. The digital filtration technique utilizes exposure parameters and image gray levels to estimate scatter-glare intensity based on previous phantom measurements. The beam-stop technique uses an array of lead discs in o...

利用数字滤波技术和束阻技术估计了数字减影血管造影成像系统获取的图像中的散射和眩光分布。数字滤波技术利用曝光参数和图像灰度级，基于先前的体模测量来估计散射-眩光强度。束阻技术使用一系列铅盘...

Given a set of electrical potential measurements at the surface of the head, localizing the sources of the electrical activity is an inherently ill-posed problem. Bayesian methods can be used to specify prior information to constrain the possible source solutions. The authors show that Bayesian analysis can also provide a means for characterizing system noise levels, estimating the "error bars" su...

给定一组头部表面的电位测量值，定位电活动源本身就是一个不适定问题。贝叶斯方法可用于指定先验信息以约束可能的源解。作者表明，贝叶斯分析还可以提供表征系统噪声水平、估计'误差条'的方法...

In this paper the authors consider the problems encountered when applying snake models to detect the contours of the carpal bones in 3-D MR images of the wrist. In order to improve the performance of the original snake model introduced by M. Kass et al. (1988), the authors propose a new image force based on one-dimensional (1-D) second-order Gaussian filtering and contrast equalization. The improv...

本文考虑了应用蛇模型检测腕部三维MR图像中腕骨轮廓时遇到的问题。为了提高M. Kass等人（1988）提出的原始蛇模型的性能，作者提出了一种基于一维二阶高斯滤波和对比度均衡的新型图像力。改...

This paper is concerned with the potential for the detection and location of an artery containing a partial blockage by exploiting the space-time properties of the shear wave field in the surrounding elastic soft tissue. As a demonstration of feasibility, an array of piezoelectric film vibration sensors is placed on the free surface of a urethane mold that contains a surgical tube. Inside the surg...

本文关注利用周围弹性软组织中剪切波场的时空特性来检测和定位含有部分堵塞的动脉的潜力。为了演示可行性，将一组压电薄膜振动传感器放置在含有手术管的聚氨酯模具的自由表面上。

The authors evaluated the performance of the ECAT EXACT HR+ 3-D whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) scanner when employed to measure brain function using H/sub 2//sup 15/O bolus activation protocols that are completed in single same-day data acquisition sessions. Using vibrotactile and auditory stimuli as independent activation tasks, the authors studied the scanner performance under dif...

作者评估了ECAT EXACT HR+ 3-D全身正电子发射断层扫描（PET）扫描仪在使用H₂¹⁵O团注激活方案测量脑功能时的性能，这些方案在单次同日数据采集会话中完成。利用振动触觉和听觉刺激作为独立激活任务，作者研究了扫描仪在不同条件下的性能。

Spatially varying focal length fan-beam collimators can be used in single photon emission computed tomography to improve detection efficiency and to reduce reconstruction artifacts resulting from the truncation of projection data. It has been proven that there exists no convolution backprojection algorithm for this type of collimator, so a complicated interpolation between two nonparallel projecti...

空间变焦距扇形束准直器可用于单光子发射计算机断层扫描，以提高检测效率并减少因投影数据截断引起的重建伪影。已证明这种准直器不存在卷积反投影算法，因此需要在两个非平行投影之间进行复杂的插值...

The authors propose a method for producing a truly seamless tiled image sensor from four identical subarrays, such that the resulting tiled image sensor has no missing pixels. Four standard amorphous silicon photodiode-TFT (thin film transistor) arrays are cut parallel to the busbars, in the space between the bus-bar and the preceding pixel electrode. The cut is done in such a may that it is adjac...

作者提出了一种方法，从四个相同的子阵列制造出真正无缝拼接的图像传感器，使得最终的拼接图像传感器没有缺失像素。四个标准的非晶硅光电二极管-TFT（薄膜晶体管）阵列沿着汇流条平行切割，在汇流条与前一像素电极之间的空间中进行切割。切割方式确保相邻...