Volume 31, Issue 2

The accuracy of nonrigid image registrations is commonly approximated using surrogate measures such as tissue label overlap scores, image similarity, image difference, or transformation inverse consistency error. This paper provides experimental evidence that these measures, even when used in combination, cannot distinguish accurate from inaccurate registrations. To this end, we introduce a “registration” algorithm that generates highly inaccurate image transformations, yet performs extremely well in terms of the surrogate measures. Of the tested criteria, only overlap scores of localized anatomical regions reliably distinguish reasonable from inaccurate registrations, whereas image similarity and tissue overlap do not. We conclude that tissue overlap and image similarity, whether used alone or together, do not provide valid evidence for accurate registrations and should thus not be reported or accepted as such.

非刚性图像配准的准确性通常使用替代指标来近似，例如组织标签重叠分数、图像相似性、图像差异或变换逆一致性误差。本文提供实验证据表明，这些指标即使组合使用，也无法区分准确配准和不准确配准。为此，我们引入了一种“配准”算法，该算法生成高度不准确的图像变换，但在替代指标方面表现极好。在测试的标准中，只有局部解剖区域的重叠分数能够可靠地区分合理配准与不准确配准，而图像相似性和组织重叠则不能。我们得出结论，组织重叠和图像相似性单独或一起使用都不能为准确配准提供有效证据，因此不应将其作为准确配准的报告或接受标准。

It is becoming increasingly clear that mitochondria play an important role in neural function. Recent studies show mitochondrial morphology to be crucial to cellular physiology and synaptic function and a link between mitochondrial defects and neuro-degenerative diseases is strongly suspected. Electron microscopy (EM), with its very high resolution in all three directions, is one of the key tools ...

越来越多的研究表明线粒体在神经功能中起着重要作用。近期研究显示线粒体形态对细胞生理和突触功能至关重要，并且强烈怀疑线粒体缺陷与神经退行性疾病之间存在关联。电子显微镜（EM）在所有三个方向上具有非常高的分辨率，是解决这一问题关键工具之一。

Segmentation of lungs with (large) lung cancer regions is a nontrivial problem. We present a new fully automated approach for segmentation of lungs with such high-density pathologies. Our method consists of two main processing steps. First, a novel robust active shape model (RASM) matching method is utilized to roughly segment the outline of the lungs. The initial position of the RASM is found by ...

分割含有（大）肺癌区域的肺部是一个重要问题。我们提出了一种新的全自动方法，用于分割具有此类高密度病理的肺部。我们的方法包括两个主要处理步骤。首先，利用一种新型鲁棒主动形状模型（RASM）匹配方法粗略分割肺部的轮廓。RASM的初始位置通过...

This paper presents a novel computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technique for the early diagnosis of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and support vector machines (SVM) with bounds of confidence. The CAD tool is designed for the study and classification of functional brain images. For this purpose, two different brain image databases are selected: a single pho...

本文提出了一种新颖的计算机辅助诊断（CAD）技术，用于阿尔茨海默病（AD）的早期诊断，该技术基于非负矩阵分解（NMF）和支持向量机（SVM）以及置信边界。该CAD工具旨在研究和分类功能性脑图像。为此，选择了两个不同的脑图像数据库：一个单一的...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly advanced and sophisticated imaging modality for cardiac motion tracking and analysis, capable of providing 3D analysis of global and regional cardiac function with great accuracy and reproducibility. In the past few years, numerous efforts have been devoted to cardiac motion recovery and deformation analysis from MR image sequences. Many approaches have...

磁共振成像（MRI）是一种高度先进和复杂的成像模态，用于心脏运动跟踪和分析，能够以高准确性和可重复性提供整体和局部心脏功能的3D分析。在过去几年中，众多研究致力于从MR图像序列中恢复心脏运动和形变分析。许多方法已经...

Magnetic resonance electrical property tomography (MREPT) is a new imaging modality to visualize a distribution of admittivity γ = σ+iωε inside the human body where σ and ε denote electrical conductivity and permittivity, respectively. Using B1 maps acquired by an magnetic resonance imaging scanner, it produces cross-sectional images of σ and ε at the Larmor frequency. Since current MREPT methods ...

磁共振电阻抗断层成像（MREPT）是一种新的成像模态，用于可视化人体内导纳率γ=σ+iωε的分布，其中σ和ε分别表示电导率和介电常数。利用磁共振成像扫描仪获取的B1图，它能够在拉莫尔频率下生成σ和ε的横截面图像。由于当前的MREPT方法...

Retinal blood vessel assessment plays an important role in the diagnosis of ophthalmic pathologies. The use of digital images for this purpose enables the application of a computerized approach and has fostered the development of multiple methods for automated vascular tree segmentation. Metrics based on contingency tables for binary classification have been widely used for evaluating the performa...

视网膜血管评估在眼科病理诊断中起着重要作用。为此目的使用数字图像使得计算机化方法的应用成为可能，并促进了多种自动血管树分割方法的发展。基于二分类列联表的度量已被广泛用于评估性能...

Lymph nodes are assessed routinely in clinical practice and their size is followed throughout radiation or chemotherapy to monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment. This paper presents a robust learning-based method for automatic detection and segmentation of solid lymph nodes from CT data, with the following contributions. First, it presents a learning based approach to solid lymph node dete...

淋巴结在临床实践中被常规评估，其大小在放疗或化疗过程中被跟踪以监测癌症治疗的效果。本文提出了一种基于学习的鲁棒方法，用于从CT数据中自动检测和分割实性淋巴结，具有以下贡献。首先，它提出了一种基于学习的方法来检测实性淋巴结...

In brain mapping research, parameterized 3-D surface models are of great interest for statistical comparisons of anatomy, surface-based registration, and signal processing. Here, we introduce the theories of continuous and discrete surface Ricci flow, which can create Riemannian metrics on surfaces with arbitrary topologies with user-defined Gaussian curvatures. The resulting conformal parameteriz...

在脑图谱研究中，参数化的三维表面模型对于解剖结构的统计比较、基于表面的配准和信号处理具有重要意义。本文介绍了连续和离散表面里奇流的理论，该理论可以在具有任意拓扑的表面上创建具有用户定义高斯曲率的黎曼度量。由此产生的共形参数化...

Proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) MR thermometry (MRT) is the generally preferred method for monitoring thermal ablation, typically implemented with gradient-echo (GRE) sequences. Standard PRFS MRT is based on the subtraction of a temporal reference phase map and is, therefore, intrinsically sensitive to tissue motion (including deformation) and to external perturbation of the magnetic field...

质子共振频率位移（PRFS）MR热测量法（MRT）是监测热消融的首选方法，通常采用梯度回波（GRE）序列实现。标准PRFS MRT基于时间参考相位图的减法，因此固有地对组织运动（包括变形）和磁场的外部扰动敏感……

Accurate automated brain structure segmentation methods facilitate the analysis of large-scale neuroimaging studies. This work describes a novel method for brain structure segmentation in magnetic resonance images that combines information about a structure's location and appearance. The spatial model is implemented by registering multiple atlas images to the target image and creating a spatial pr...

准确的自动脑结构分割方法有助于大规模神经影像学研究的分析。本文描述了一种新颖的脑结构分割方法，用于磁共振图像，结合了结构位置和外观的信息。空间模型通过将多个图谱图像配准到目标图像并创建空间先验来实现...

We propose a semi-Markov model trained in a max-margin learning framework for mitosis event segmentation in large-scale time-lapse phase contrast microscopy image sequences of stem cell populations. Our method consists of three steps. First, we apply a constrained optimization based microscopy image segmentation method that exploits phase contrast optics to extract candidate subsequences in the in...

我们提出了一种采用最大间隔学习框架训练的半马尔可夫模型，用于大规模干细胞群体延时相差显微镜图像序列中的有丝分裂事件分割。我们的方法包括三个步骤。首先，我们应用一种基于约束优化的显微图像分割方法，利用相差光学提取候选子序列……

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence consoles typically employ closed proprietary hardware, software, and interfaces, making difficult any adaptation for innovative experimental technology. Yet MRI systems research is trending to higher channel count receivers, transmitters, gradient/shims, and unique interfaces for interventional applications. Customized console designs are now feasibl...

磁共振成像（MRI）脉冲序列控制台通常采用封闭的专有硬件、软件和接口，使得创新型实验技术的适配变得困难。然而，MRI系统研究正朝着更高通道数的接收器、发射器、梯度/匀场以及用于介入应用的独特接口发展。定制化控制台设计现在变得可行...

We propose a novel probabilistic framework to merge information from diffusion weighted imaging tractography and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging correlations to identify connectivity patterns in the brain. In particular, we model the interaction between latent anatomical and functional connectivity and present an intuitive extension to population studies. We employ the EM algor...

我们提出了一种新颖的概率框架，用于融合来自扩散加权成像纤维束追踪和静息态功能磁共振成像相关性的信息，以识别大脑中的连接模式。特别是，我们模拟了潜在解剖连接和功能连接之间的相互作用，并提出了一种直观的扩展到人群研究的方法。我们采用EM算法...

Respiratory motion is a major source of reduced quality in positron emission tomography (PET). In order to minimize its effects, the use of respiratory synchronized acquisitions, leading to gated frames, has been suggested. Such frames, however, are of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as they contain reduced statistics. Super-resolution (SR) techniques make use of the motion in a sequence of images...

呼吸运动是正电子发射断层扫描（PET）图像质量下降的主要原因。为了最小化其影响，提出了使用呼吸同步采集，从而产生门控帧。然而，这些帧由于统计量减少而信噪比（SNR）较低。超分辨率（SR）技术利用序列图像中的运动...

Fully automatic 3-D segmentation techniques for clinical applications or epidemiological studies have proven to be a very challenging task in the domain of medical image analysis. 3-D organ segmentation on magnetic resonance (MR) datasets requires a well-designed segmentation strategy due to imaging artifacts, partial volume effects, and similar tissue properties of adjacent tissues. We developed ...

全自动三维分割技术用于临床应用或流行病学研究在医学图像分析领域已被证明是非常具有挑战性的任务。由于成像伪影、部分容积效应以及邻近组织的相似组织特性，对磁共振（MR）数据集进行三维器官分割需要精心设计的分割策略。我们开发了...

Image labeling and parcellation (i.e., assigning structure to a collection of voxels) are critical tasks for the assessment of volumetric and morphometric features in medical imaging data. The process of image labeling is inherently error prone as images are corrupted by noise and artifacts. Even expert interpretations are subject to subjectivity and the precision of the individual raters. Hence, ...

图像标签和分割（即给一组体素分配结构）是评估医学成像数据中体积和形态特征的关键任务。图像标签的过程本质上容易出错，因为图像受到噪声和伪影的污染。即使是专家解读也存在主观性和个体评分者的精度问题。因此，...

For high range resolution ultrasonographic vascular imaging, we apply frequency domain interferometry with the Capon method to a single frame of in-phase and quadrature (IQ) data acquired using a commercial ultrasonographic device with a 7.5 MHz linear array probe. In order to tailor the adaptive beamforming algorithm for ultrasonography we employ four techniques: frequency averaging, whitening, r...

为了实现高距离分辨率超声血管成像，我们将基于Capon方法的频域干涉测量应用于使用商用超声设备（配备7.5 MHz线性阵列探头）采集的单帧同相正交（IQ）数据。为了使自适应波束形成算法适用于超声成像，我们采用了四种技术：频率平均、白化、...

Measuring the 3D motion of muscular tissues, e.g., the heart or the tongue, using magnetic resonance (MR) tagging is typically carried out by interpolating the 2D motion information measured on orthogonal stacks of images. The incompressibility of muscle tissue is an important constraint on the reconstructed motion field and can significantly help to counter the sparsity and incompleteness of the ...

利用磁共振（MR）标记技术测量肌肉组织（如心脏或舌头）的三维运动，通常通过插值正交图像堆栈上测量的二维运动信息来实现。肌肉组织的不可压缩性是对重建运动场的重要约束，有助于弥补数据的稀疏性和不完整性……

Radio-frequency (RF) transceiver array design using primary and higher order harmonics for in vivo parallel magnetic resonance imaging imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging is proposed. The improved electromagnetic decoupling performance, unique magnetic field distributions and high-frequency operation capabilities of higher-order harmonics of resonators would benefit transceiver arrays for para...

提出了一种利用基波和高次谐波进行体内并行磁共振成像（MRI）和波谱成像的射频（RF）收发阵列设计。谐振器高次谐波改善的电磁去耦性能、独特的磁场分布和高频工作能力将有利于用于...

We have developed a neσw method of compensating for effects of partial volume and spillover in dual-modality imaging. The approach requires segmentation of just a few tissue types within a small volume-of-interest (VOI) surrounding a lesion; the algorithm estimates simultaneously, from projection data, the activity concentration within each segmented tissue inside the VOI. Measured emission projec...

我们开发了一种新方法，用于补偿双模态成像中的部分容积和溢出效应。该方法只需在病变周围的小感兴趣体积（VOI）内分割少数几种组织类型；该算法同时从投影数据估计VOI内每个分割组织的活度浓度。测量的发射投影...

Hemodynamic response function (HRF) estimation in noisy functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays an important role when investigating the temporal dynamic of a brain region response during activations. Nonparametric methods which allow more flexibility in the estimation by inferring the HRF at each time sample have provided improved performance in comparison to the parametric methods. In...

在噪声功能磁共振成像（fMRI）中估计血流动力学响应函数（HRF）对于研究激活期间脑区域响应的时间动态具有重要意义。与参数方法相比，非参数方法允许在每个时间样本上推断HRF，从而在估计中提供更大的灵活性，并表现出改进的性能。在...

We present a new diffeomorphic surface mapping algorithm under the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM). Unlike existing LDDMM approaches, this new algorithm reduces the complexity of the estimation of diffeomorphic transformations by incorporating a shape prior in which a nonlinear diffeomorphic shape space is represented by a linear space of initial momenta of diff...

我们提出了一种在大变形微分同胚度量映射（LDDMM）框架下的新微分同胚表面映射算法。与现有LDDMM方法不同，该新算法通过引入形状先验来降低微分同胚变换估计的复杂性，其中非线性微分同胚形状空间由初始动量的线性空间表示...

Compressive sensing (CS) in Cartesian magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves random partial Fourier acquisitions. The random nature of these acquisitions can lead to variance in reconstruction errors. In quantitative MRI, variance in the reconstructed images translates to an uncertainty in the derived quantitative maps. We show that for a spatially regularized 2 $\times$-accelerated human breas...

笛卡尔磁共振成像（MRI）中的压缩感知（CS）涉及随机部分傅里叶采集。这些采集的随机性可能导致重建误差的方差。在定量MRI中，重建图像的方差转化为导出定量图的不确定性。我们证明，对于空间正则化的2倍加速人乳...

Stimulated-echoes in MR can be used to provide high sensitivity to motion and flow, creating diffusion and perfusion weighting as well as $T_{1}$ contrast, but conventional approaches inherently suffer from a 50% signal loss. The super stimulated-echo, which uses a specialized radio-frequency (RF) pulse train, has been proposed in order to improve the signal while preserving motion and $T_{1}$ sen...

MR中的受激回波可用于提供对运动和流动的高灵敏度，产生扩散和灌注加权以及$T_{1}$对比，但传统方法固有地损失了50%的信号。为了在保持运动和$T_{1}$灵敏度的同时提高信号，已提出了使用专门射频脉冲序列的超级受激回波。