Volume 31, Issue 8

Microwave breast imaging (using electromagnetic waves of frequencies around 1 GHz) has mostly remained at the research level for the past decade, gaining little clinical acceptance. The major hurdles limiting patient use are both at the hardware level (challenges in collecting accurate and noncorrupted data) and software level (often plagued by unrealistic reconstruction times in the tens of hours). In this paper we report improvements that address both issues. First, the hardware is able to measure signals down to levels compatible with sub-centimeter image resolution while keeping an exam time under 2 min. Second, the software overcomes the enormous time burden and produces similarly accurate images in less than 20 min. The combination of the new hardware and software allows us to produce and report here the first clinical 3-D microwave tomographic images of the breast. Two clinical examples are selected out of 400+ exams conducted at the Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (Lebanon, NH). The first example demonstrates the potential usefulness of our system for breast cancer screening while the second example focuses on therapy monitoring.

微波乳腺成像（使用频率约为1 GHz的电磁波）在过去十年中大多停留在研究水平，临床接受度不高。限制患者使用的主要障碍既包括硬件层面（收集准确且无损坏数据的挑战），也包括软件层面（通常受困于数十小时的不切实际的重建时间）。在本文中，我们报告了解决这两个问题的改进。首先，硬件能够测量到与亚厘米图像分辨率兼容的信号水平，同时将检查时间控制在2分钟以内。其次，软件克服了巨大的时间负担，并在不到20分钟内生成同样精确的图像。新硬件和软件的结合使我们能够生成并在此报告首例临床3D微波断层乳腺图像。我们从达特茅斯希区柯克医疗中心（新罕布什尔州黎巴嫩）进行的400多次检查中选取了两个临床实例。第一个实例展示了我们的系统在乳腺癌筛查中的潜在用途，而第二个实例则侧重于治疗监测。

An automated method is reported for segmenting 3-D fluid-associated abnormalities in the retina, so-called symptomatic exudate-associated derangements (SEAD), from 3-D OCT retinal images of subjects suffering from exudative age-related macular degeneration. In the first stage of a two-stage approach, retinal layers are segmented, candidate SEAD regions identified, and the retinal OCT image is flat...

报道了一种自动方法，用于从渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者的三维OCT视网膜图像中分割视网膜中与液体相关的异常，即所谓的症状性渗出物相关紊乱（SEAD）。在两阶段方法的第一阶段，对视网膜层进行分割，识别候选SEAD区域，并平整视网膜OCT图像...

We reconstruct the in vivo spatial distribution of linear and nonlinear elastic parameters in ten patients with benign (five) and malignant (five) tumors. The mechanical behavior of breast tissue is represented by a modified Veronda-Westmann model with one linear and one nonlinear elastic parameter. The spatial distribution of these elastic parameters is determined by solving an inverse problem wi...

我们重建了十名患有良性（五名）和恶性（五名）肿瘤患者体内线性与非线性弹性参数的空间分布。乳腺组织的力学行为由一个修正的Veronda-Westmann模型表示，该模型包含一个线性和一个非线性弹性参数。这些弹性参数的空间分布通过求解逆问题来确定。

Active shape models (ASMs) and active appearance models (AAMs) are popular approaches for medical image segmentation that use shape information to drive the segmentation process. Both approaches rely on image derived landmarks (specified either manually or automatically) to define the object's shape, which require accurate triangulation and alignment. An alternative approach to modeling shape is t...

主动形状模型（ASMs）和主动外观模型（AAMs）是医学图像分割中常用的方法，它们利用形状信息驱动分割过程。这两种方法都依赖于图像衍生的标记（手动或自动指定）来定义对象的形状，这需要精确的三角剖分和对齐。另一种建模形状的方法是...

This work provides a comprehensive Monte Carlo study of X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) and K-edge imaging system, including the system design, the influence of various imaging components, the sensitivity and resolution under various conditions. We modified the widely used EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code to simulate XFCT images of two acrylic phantoms loaded with various concentrations of gold...

本工作对X射线荧光计算机断层扫描（XFCT）和K边缘成像系统进行了全面的蒙特卡洛研究，包括系统设计、各种成像组件的影响、不同条件下的灵敏度和分辨率。我们修改了广泛使用的EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc代码，模拟了两种加载不同浓度金的丙烯酸模体的XFCT图像...

Imaging intramyocardial vascular flows in real-time could strongly help to achieve better diagnostic of cardiovascular diseases. To date, no standard imaging modality allows describing accurately myocardial blood flow dynamics with good spatial and temporal resolution. We recently introduced a novel ultrasonic Doppler imaging technique based on compounded plane waves transmissions at ultrafast fra...

实时成像心肌内血管血流可以极大地帮助实现更好的心血管疾病诊断。迄今为止，没有标准的成像方式能够以良好的时空分辨率准确描述心肌血流动力学。我们最近提出了一种新型超声多普勒成像技术，基于超快帧速率下的复合平面波发射...

A 2D/3D nonrigid registration method is proposed that brings a 3D centerline model of the coronary arteries into correspondence with bi-plane fluoroscopic angiograms. The registered model is overlaid on top of interventional angiograms to provide surgical assistance during image-guided chronic total occlusion procedures, thereby reducing the uncertainty inherent in 2D interventional images. The pr...

提出了一种2D/3D非刚性配准方法，将冠状动脉的3D中心线模型与双平面透视血管造影图像进行匹配。配准后的模型覆盖在介入血管造影图像上，用于在图像引导的慢性完全闭塞手术中提供手术辅助，从而减少2D介入图像固有的不确定性。该...

We present a new algorithm, called local MAP STAPLE, to estimate from a set of multi-label segmentations both a reference standard segmentation and spatially varying performance parameters. It is based on a sliding window technique to estimate the segmentation and the segmentation performance parameters for each input segmentation. In order to allow for optimal fusion from the small amount of data...

我们提出了一种新算法，称为局部MAP STAPLE，用于从一组多标签分割中估计参考标准分割和空间变化的性能参数。它基于滑动窗口技术来估计每个输入分割的分割结果和分割性能参数。为了从小量数据中实现最优融合...

This paper addresses the problem of jointly estimating the statistical distribution and segmenting lesions in multiple-tissue high-frequency skin ultrasound images. The distribution of multiple-tissue images is modeled as a spatially coherent finite mixture of heavy-tailed Rayleigh distributions. Spatial coherence inherent to biological tissues is modeled by enforcing local dependence between the ...

本文解决了在多组织高频皮肤超声图像中联合估计统计分布和分割病变的问题。多组织图像的分布被建模为空间相干的重尾瑞利分布有限混合。生物组织固有的空间相干性通过强制局部依赖性来建模...

During neurosurgery, nonrigid brain deformation may affect the reliability of tissue localization based on preoperative images. To provide accurate surgical guidance in these cases, preoperative images must be updated to reflect the intraoperative brain. This can be accomplished by warping these preoperative images using a biomechanical model. Due to the possible complexity of this deformation, in...

在神经外科手术中，非刚性脑变形可能影响基于术前图像的组织定位可靠性。为了在这些情况下提供准确的手术引导，必须更新术前图像以反映术中脑部情况。这可以通过使用生物力学模型对术前图像进行变形来实现。由于这种变形可能具有复杂性，在...

A statistical methodology is proposed to rank several estimation methods of a relevant clinical parameter when no gold standard is available. Based on a regression without truth method, the proposed approach was applied to rank eight methods without using any a priori information regarding the reliability of each method and its degree of automation. It was only based on a prior concerning the stat...

提出了一种统计方法，用于在没有金标准的情况下对相关临床参数的几种估计方法进行排序。基于无真值回归方法，所提出的方法在没有关于每种方法的可靠性及其自动化程度的任何先验信息的情况下，对八种方法进行了排序。它仅基于关于统计特性的先验信息。

B-splines are attractive basis functions for the continuous-domain representation of biomedical images and volumes. In this paper, we prove that the extended family of box splines are closed under the Radon transform and derive explicit formulae for their transforms. Our results are general; they cover all known brands of compactly-supported box splines (tensor-product B-splines, separable or not)...

B样条是生物医学图像和体积连续域表示的有吸引力的基函数。在本文中，我们证明了扩展的盒样条族在Radon变换下是封闭的，并推导了它们变换的显式公式。我们的结果是通用的；它们涵盖了所有已知的紧支撑盒样条类型（张量积B样条，可分离或不可分离）...

Studying joint kinematics is of interest to improve prosthesis design and to characterize postoperative motion. State of the art techniques register bones segmented from prior computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans with X-ray fluoroscopic sequences. Elimination of the prior 3D acquisition could potentially lower costs and radiation dose. Therefore, we propose to substitute the segmented b...

研究关节运动学有助于改进假体设计和表征术后运动。现有技术将先前计算机断层扫描或磁共振扫描分割出的骨骼与X射线荧光透视序列进行配准。消除先前的三维采集可能降低成本和辐射剂量。因此，我们提出替代分割的...

In routine oncologic positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic information is discarded by time-averaging the signal to produce static images of the “standardised uptake value” (SUV). Defining functional volumes of interest (VOIs) in terms of SUV is flawed, as values are affected by confounding factors and the chosen time window, and SUV images are not sensitive to functional heterogeneity of pa...

在常规肿瘤正电子发射断层扫描（PET）中，通过时间平均信号来丢弃动态信息，以生成“标准化摄取值”（SUV）的静态图像。根据SUV定义感兴趣的功能体积（VOI）存在缺陷，因为该值会受到混杂因素和所选时间窗口的影响，并且SUV图像对功能异质性不敏感...

Presents the table of contents for this issue of the periodical.

介绍本期期刊的目录。

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本页或这些页有意留空。

"Provides a listing of current staff, committee members and society officers."

提供当前工作人员、委员会成员和学会官员的列表。

Provides instructions and guidelines to prospective authors who wish to submit manuscripts.

为有意投稿的作者提供说明和指南。